Human Trafficking Investigation

Human trafficking – do you know the signs?

The legislation in Ireland dealing with this crime area includes the Criminal Law (Human Trafficking) Act 2008 and the Criminal Law (Human Trafficking)(Amendment) Act 2013. The legislation explains the offences of Human Trafficking and the various definitions of each type of exploitation.

Human Trafficking for labour exploitation

People who have been trafficked for the purpose of labour exploitation are typically (but not exclusively) made to work in sectors such as: agriculture, construction, entertainment, service industry, manufacturing and domestic servitude as well as begging. Trafficking involves the recruitment, movement, harbouring or receiving of a person through means such as fear, fraud and deception, coercion, force or the abuse of power or a position of vulnerability, for the purpose of their sexual or labour exploitation, forced criminality or the removal of the organs of a person.

The following are possible indicators of having been trafficked for labour exploitation:

Work excessively long hours
Be forced to undertake hazardous work
Have low or no salary
Have no access to your earnings
Have no contract of employment
Have your labour rights infringed
Live with the family employing you
Live in groups in the same place where you work, and leave those premises infrequently
Not be dressed adequately for the work you do: for example you may lack protective equipment or warm clothing
Depend on your employer for a number of services, including work, food, transportation and accommodation
Be made to pay for tools, food or accommodation and have these costs deducted from your wages
Have no tax or PRSI contributions and no access to social supports
Have your social activities and movements controlled by your employer
Never or rarely leave the house without your employer
Have no privacy, sleeping in shared and over-crowded spaces
Be given only leftover food to eat
Have no choice of accommodation offered to you
Never leave the work premises without your employer
Be unable to move freely
Live in degraded, unsuitable places, such as in agricultural or industrial buildings
Be subject to security measures designed to keep you on the work premises
Be disciplined through fines and threats
Be subjected to insults, abuse, threats or violence
Lack basic training and professional licenses
Work in places with no health and safety notices, with poor quality equipment and in hazardous conditions
Be unable to show an identity document
Be working without the employment documents required for workers from your country
Be afraid to reveal who is controlling you and lie about your story
Equipment is designed or has been modified so that it can be operated by children.
Have untreated injuries or illnesses, be in poor health or have untreated wounds
Children may be unregistered with a school or have an excuse why this should be, such as being schooled at home or just arrived into the country

In relation to begging, there are some specific indicators of human trafficking such as:

Children, elderly persons or disabled migrants who tend to beg in public places and public transport
Children of the same nationality or ethnicity who move in large groups with only a few adults or with the same adult guardian, or
ive as gang members with adults who are not their parents, or
Participate in the activities of organized criminal gangs

Human trafficking for sexual exploitation

The following are possible indicators of having been trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation:

Be of any age, although the age may vary according to the location of the market
Move from one brothel to the next or work in various locations
Live in groups in the same place where you work, and leave those premises infrequently
Depend on your employer for a number of services, including work, food, transportation and accommodation
Be escorted whenever you go and/or return from work and other outside activities
Have tattoos or other marks indicating ‘ownership’ by your exploiters
Work long hours or have few if any days off
Sleep where you work
Live or travel in a group, sometimes with other women who do not speak the same language
Have very few items of clothing. Taken into account with other indicators clothing may give an indication of a female being involved in prostitution.
Only know how to say sex-related words in the local language or in the language of the client group
Have no cash of your own
Be disciplined through fines and threats
Be unable to show an identity document
Be afraid to reveal who is controlling you and lie about your story
Be subjected to insults, abuse, threats or violence
Your mobile phone keeps ringing when you are out.
Live with the person employing you.
Be unable to move freely
Be subject to insults, abuse, threats or violence
Have a mobile telephone containing text messages with addresses to find locations
Have untreated injuries or illnesses, be in poor health, have sexually transmitted diseases, blood borne viruses etc.
Children exhibiting sexualized behaviour or language.

Human trafficking for removal of organs

People who have been trafficked for the purpose of the removal of the organs of a person may:

Have unexplained scarring in kidney area
Show signs of inexpert surgery/ infections.

Frequently Asked Questions

What do I do if I have suspicions in relation to human trafficking?

If you or someone you know is being exploited, contact your local Gardai
If you wish to report a crime anonymously you can contact the Garda Confidential Number 1800 666 111
You can email anonymously and with strict confidentiality blueblindfold@garda.ie.

How would I recognize a victim?

_{(This usually includes a combination of indicators)}

Human trafficking is an underground crime and therefore it can be difficult to readily identify trafficked persons. There are a number of reasons why trafficked persons may not ask for help. They may be physically trapped or constantly guarded. They may fear retaliation against themselves or against their family, or they may feel ashamed, embarrassed or that they are somehow responsible for their own exploitation. However, there are some common indicators that may alert you to the fact that this person may be a victim.

Where would I find Victims of Human Trafficking? "Hidden in plain sight”

It is often said that victims of Human Trafficking are “Hidden in plain sight”. This means that these people are there in front of us, visible to us but often we don’t see that they are victims of Human Trafficking.

Trafficked persons can be found in different places, often linked to their type of exploitation, including urban and rural locations, ranging from the most remote areas to residential and city centre locations. In Ireland experience has shown that potential victims of Human Trafficking may be found in the following areas: agriculture, grow houses, domestic servitude, restaurants, nightclubs, factories, streets, public transport, street corners, traffic lights etc for begging, brothels, escort agencies, massage parlours and/or private houses or apartments.

What are the types of exploitation?

The Irish legislation includes the following type of exploitation:

Sexual Exploitation, Labour Exploitation, exploitation consisting of the removal of one or more of the organs of a person, exploitation consisting of forcing a person to engage in criminal activity.

What is the difference between human trafficking and people smuggling?

People Smuggling involves illegal immigrants making an illegal entry into Ireland. Illegal Immigrants want to come here and often pay someone to facilitate their illegal entry. This is being organized/facilitated by a third party i.e. a smuggler for gain.

Trafficking is a far more serious issue than immigration offences and therefore if trafficking is suspected it should take primacy.

Human Trafficking involves the recruitment, transportation and exploitation of a victim. This may include an illegal immigrant. Consent initially given by the victim will not be valid if it was obtained by fraud, deception or coercion. In recruiting victims, the deception will involve certain strands either singularly or combined. This may be through complete coercion from threats or actual violence to the subject or family members and abduction. Deception may take a more subtle form and may exploit the economic conditions, the vulnerability or cultural beliefs of the victim. The fundamental difference between human trafficking and smuggling is that to constitute human trafficking there must be some form of exploitation involved or intended. Section 1 of the Criminal Law (Human Trafficking) Act 2008 defines ‘exploitation’ which means:

Labour exploitation
Sexual exploitation or
Forced Criminality or
Exploitation consisting of the removal of one or more of the organs of a person.

The trafficker has control over the victim after they arrive at their point of destination and exploits them.

Other areas of exploitation include the facilitation of benefit and identity fraud, exploitation of children in areas such as begging, street musicians, flower sellers. People forced into marriage or into selling or giving up children for adoption whilst culturally acceptable in other cultures may contain elements of human trafficking.

Traffickers use a number of strategies in their efforts to control their commodities, which are human beings. The most common examples are debt bondage where the trafficker has taken the opportunity to travel to another place based on a loan or an arrangement for them or their family in their country of origin to pay back the travel costs. There may be removal or control of documentation or demands for more money during this process. But invariably once within the realms of control, the victim’s personal freedom, threats to their life and safety, or that of their family, and subjugation to forms of physical, sexual, psychological and emotional abuse can all become apparent.

Crimes for Trafficking in Human Beings are arrestable offences with a maximum sentence of life imprisonment.

Where can I find more information on human trafficking?

Ireland is a member of a G6 European Human Trafficking initiative designed to make the EU a more hostile environment for criminals engaged in the Trafficking of Human Beings. There are five other countries involved in this initiative – UK, Poland, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands.

In October 2008 the Minister for Justice and Law Reform, Mr. Dermot Ahern T.D., together with Mr. Fachtna Murphy, then Commissioner of An Garda Síochána launched an awareness raising campaign in relation to the Trafficking of Human Beings. This campaign is based on the ‘Blue Blindfold’ concept which has as its message ‘Don’t Close your Eyes to Human Trafficking’ and features a blue blindfold which is an international symbol and it symbolizes the lack of awareness among the general public about Human Trafficking.

A North-South re-launch of the Blue Blindfold campaign was announced on 18 January 2011 accompanied by a joint North-South Ministerial press release. Posters and leaflets were circulated to all Garda Districts for display.

The purpose of the campaign is to raise public awareness of what Human Trafficking is, to discourage demand for the services of victims of sexual and labour exploitation and to help to establish the actual incidence of Human Trafficking in Ireland.

The Blue Blindfold has a dedicated website (www.blueblindfold.gov.ie) which is provided to encourage people to report suspicions relating to prostitution, brothels and suspected victims of Human Trafficking

All emails are treated anonymously and with strict confidentiality - blueblindfold@garda.ie.

What training is available for Gardai to enhance their investigative skills regarding human trafficking?

The training of members of An Garda Síochána in this field is a vital component in combating the crimes of Human Trafficking. This crime carries a maximum sentence of life imprisonment.

National and International Conferences expose participants to best practices, roundtables, discussions, workshops and seminars to raise awareness of human trafficking. Interpol and Europol are specifically pertinent to training for Gardai regarding human trafficking

Please click on links to Key Partners and Support Partners below.

Who are our key partners?